Sexual Violence in History: A Bibliography

compiled by Stefan Blaschke

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Start: Topical Index: Victims: Social Consequences: Rape Children:

Victims: Social Consequences:
RAPE CHILDREN IN THE 20TH CENTURY

[Site] G e n e r a l

[Site] Wartime Sexual Violence

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli, ed. Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Bloomfield 2007.

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli. »Conclusion: Protecting Children Born of War.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Bloomfield 2007: 210-224.

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli. »Gender, Ethnicity, and Children's Human Rights: Theorizing Babies Born of Wartime Rape and Sexual ExploitationBorn of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Bloomfield 2007: 1-20.

[Info] Clark, Janine N. »A Crime of Identity: Rape and Its Neglected Victims.« Journal of Human Rights 13 (2014): 146-169.

[Info] DeLaet, Debra. »Theorizing Justice for Children Born of War.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 128-148.

[Info] Denov, M. »Children born of wartime rape: The intergenerational realities of sexual violence and abuse.« Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 1 (2015): 61-68.

[Info] Goodhart, Michael. »Children Born of War and Human Rights: Philosophical ReflectionsBorn of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 188-209.

[Info] McEvoy-Levy, Siobhán. »Human Rights Culture and Children Born of Wartime Rape.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 149- .

[Info] Mertus, Julie. »Key Ethical Inquiries for Future Research.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 180-187.

[Info] Mochmann, Ingvill C. »Children Born of War.« Revista Obets No. 2 (2008): 53-61.

[Info] Porter, Janine K. Conceived in Rape: The Forgotten Victims of Rape. M.A. Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2013.

[Info] Sánchez Parra, Tatiana. Children Born as a Consequence of Wartime Sexual Violence: Subverting Structures of Discrimination. M.A. Thesis, University of Essex, 2012.

[Info] Seto, Donna. No Place for a War Baby: The Global Politics of Children Born of Wartime Sexual Violence. Farnham 2013.

[Info] Van Ee, Elisa, et al. »Growing Up under a Shadow: Key Issues in Research on and Treatment of Children Born of Rape.« Child Abuse Review 22 (2013): 386-397.

[Info] Weitsman, Patricia. »Children Born of War and the Politics of Identity.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 110-127.


[Site] First World War

[Info] Falcomer, Andrea. »Gli "orfani dei vivi": Madri e figli della guerra e della violenza nell'attività dell'Istituto San Filippo Neri (1918-1947).« Deportate, esuli, profughe No. 10 (2009): 76-93.

[Info] Rivière, Antoine. »Décisions spéciales: Les enfants nés des viols allemands et abandonnés à l’Assistance publique pendant la Grande Guerre.« Les viols en temps de guerre: une histoire à écrire - Rape in Wartime: A History to be Written. Paris 2009.

[Info] Rivière, Antoine. »« Décisions spéciales »: Les enfants nés des viols allemands abandonnés à l’Assistance publique pendant la Grande Guerre (1914-1918).« Viols en temps de guerre. Edited by Raphaëlle Branche et al. Paris 2011: 189-205.

[Info] Rivière, Antoine. »"Special Decisions" Children Born as the Result of German Rape and Handed Over to Public Assistance during the Great War (1914-18).« Rape in Wartime. Edited by Raphaëlle Branche et al. Basingstoke 2012: 184-200.


[Site] Second World War

[Info] Bauer, Ingrid, et al. »Sexual Encounters across (Former) Enemy Borderlines.« Sexuality in Austria. Edited by Güter Bischof et al. New Brunswick 2007: 65-101.

[Info] Behlau, Winfried. »Thistleflowers, Russian Children in Germany: From a Silenced Rape Child to a Writer, Editor and Public Speaker.« 21st Century Reflections on Sexual Violence in Wars, its Transgenerational and Transnational Impact. Ottawa 2018.

[Info] Gebhardt, Miriam. Als die Soldaten kamen: Die Vergewaltigung deutscher Frauen am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Bonn 2015.

[Info] Gebhardt, Miriam. Als die Soldaten kamen: Die Vergewaltigung deutscher Frauen am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Munich 2015.

[Info] Gebhardt, Miriam. Ja sitten tulivat sotilaat: Saksalaisnaisten kohtalo toisen maailmansodan voittajien käsissä. Helsinki 2016.

[Info] Gebhardt, Miriam. Crimes Unspoken: The Rape of German Women at the End of the Second World War. Cambridge 2017.

[Info] Kaiser, Marie, et al. »Methodological specifics of participative research on Children Born of War in the European historical context: An investigation and comparison of German, Austrian and Norwegian Children of World War II.« Interdisciplinary perspectives on Children Born of War – from World War II to current conflict settings. Hannover 2015.

[Info] Kaiser, Marie, et al. »Psychosoziale Konsequenzen des Aufwachsens als Besatzungskind in Deutschland.« Besatzungskinder: Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Edited by Barbara Stelzl-Marx et al. Vienna 2015: 39-61.

[Info] Kleinau, Elke, et al. »Wehrmachts- und Besatzungskinder: Zwischen Stigmatisierung und Integration.« Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 65 (2015): 34-40.

[Info] Kleinau, Elke, et al., eds. Kinder des Zweiten Weltkrieges: Stigmatisierung, Ausgrenzung, Bewältigungsstrategie. Frankfurt/Main 2016.

[Info] Kuwert, Philipp, et al. »Subjective Identity aspects in former German Children Born of World War II.« Interdisciplinary perspectives on Children Born of War – from World War II to current conflict settings. Hannover 2015.

[Info] Mochmann, Ingvill C., et al. »The Children of the Occupations Born During the Second World War and Beyond – An Overview.« Historical Social Research 34 (2009): 263-282.

[Info] Röger, Maren. »Ongoing silence: Children Born of World War II and East European Societies.« Interdisciplinary perspectives on Children Born of War – from World War II to current conflict settings. Hannover 2015.

[Info] Roupetz, Sophie. »Discussing the Attachment Development of Occupation Children Born of Rape after WW II in Germany by using a Mixed-method Approach.« 12th European Social Science History Conference. Belfast 2018.

[Info] Satjukow, Silke. »"Bankerte!" Verschwiegene Kinder des Kriegs.« Bulletin des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Moskau No. 3 (2009): 57-69.

[Info] Satjukow, Silke. »„Besatzungskinder“. Nachkommen deutscher Frauen und alliierter Soldaten seit 1945.« Geschichte und Gesellschaft 37 (2011): 559-591.

[Info] Satjukow, Silke. »„Russenkinder“: Die Nachkommen von deutschen Frauen und Rotarmisten.« Besatzungskinder: Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Edited by Barbara Stelzl-Marx et al. Vienna 2015: 136-165.

[Info] Satjukow, Silke, et al. »Bankerte!« Besatzungskinder in Deutschland nach 1945. Frankfurt/Main 2015.

[Info] Schwartz, Agatha. »Trauma, Resilience, and Identity Construction: Narratives of Germans Born of Wartime Rape.« Lecture held at Bishop’s University. Lennoxville 2018.

[Info] Schwartz, Agatha. »Not Supposed to Be Born? Narrative Constructions of Identity in Children Born of Rape in Post-WWII Germany and Post-Conflict Bosnia.« 26th International Conference of Europeanists. Madrid 2019.

[Info] Schwartz, Agatha. »Creating a Gendered Transnational and Multigenerational Trauma Narrative in Márta Mészáros’s Film, Északi fény [‘Aurora Borealis’].« Hungarian Cultural Studies 13 (2020): 165-177.

[Info] Schwartz, Agatha. »Trauma, Resilience, and Narrative Constructions of Identity in Germans Born of Wartime Rape.« German Studies Review 43 (2020): 311-329.

[Info] Sethna, Christabelle. »Woman as Vessel: Sexual Violence, Abortion and Unwanted Pregnancy in the Feminist Second Wave Context.« 26th International Conference of Europeanists. Madrid 2019.

[Info] Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. »Die unsichtbare Generation. Kinder sowjetischer Besatzungssoldaten in Österreich und Deutschland.« Historical Social Research 34 (2009): 352-372.

[Info] Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. »Besatzungskinder in Österreich.« Ost-West-Passagen. Salzburg 2014.

[Info] Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. »Kinder sowjetischer Besatzungssoldaten in Österreich: Stigmatisierung, Tabuisierung, Identitätssuche.« Besatzungskinder: Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Edited by Barbara Stelzl-Marx et al. Vienna 2015: 93-135.

[Info] Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. »My Father – the (former) Enemy: Soviet Children of Occupation in Austria.« Interdisciplinary perspectives on Children Born of War – from World War II to current conflict settings. Hannover 2015.

[Info] Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. »Soviet children of occupation in Austria: The historical, political and social background and its consequences.« European Review of History 22 (2015): 277-291.

[Info] Stelzl-Marx, Barbara, et al., eds. Besatzungskinder: Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Vienna 2015.

[Info] Yamamoto, Meyu. »Child of the Other: Wartime Sexual Violence and the Japanese Repatriation Support Policies after the Second World War.« XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology. Yokohama 2014.


[Site] A f r i c a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Nigerian History

[Site] Nigerian Civil War

[Info] Ikuomola, Adediran D. »The Nigerian Civil War of 1967 and the Stigmatization of Children Born of Rape Victims in Edo State Nigeria.« Les viols en temps de guerre: une histoire à écrire - Rape in Wartime: A History to be Written. Paris 2009.

[Info] Ikuomola, Adediran D. »La stigmatisation des enfants nés de viols lors de la guerre civile du Nigéria (1967-1970).« Viols en temps de guerre. Edited by Raphaëlle Branche et al. Paris 2011: 177- .

[Info] Ikuomola, Adediran D. »The Nigerian Civil War of 1967 and the Stigmatisation of Children Born of Rape Victims in Edo State.« Rape in Wartime. Edited by Raphaëlle Branche et al. Basingstoke 2012: 169-183.


[Site] Rwandan History

[Site] Rwandan Genocide

[Info] Banwell, Stacy. »Children of the Enemy: Exploring the Unresolved Trauma of Genocidal Rape.« 20th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology. Virtual 2020.

[Info] Crawley, Karen, et al. »Unintended Consequences: Representations of Rwandan Women and Their Children Born From Rape.« Australian Feminist Law Journal 36 (2012): 87-106.

[Info] Denov, Myriam, et al. »The Intergenerational Legacy of Genocidal Rape: The Realities and Perspectives of Children Born of the Rwandan Genocide.« Journal of Interpersonal Violence (May 15, 2017).

[Info] Denov, Myriam, et al. »‘They Should See Us as a Symbol of Reconciliation’: Youth Born of Genocidal Rape in Rwanda and the Implications for Transitional Justice.« Journal of Human Rights Practice 11 (2019): 151-170.

[Info] Denov, Myriam, et al. »“Though My Father was a Killer, I Need to Know Him”: Children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda and their perspectives on fatherhood.« Child Abuse & Neglect. 107 (2020).

[Info] Denov, Myriam, et al. »An arts-based approach with youth born of genocidal rape in Rwanda: The river of life as an autobiographical mapping tool.« Global Studies of Childhood (February 25, 2021).

[Info] Hogwood, Jemma, et al. »“I Learned Who I Am”: Young People Born From Genocide Rape in Rwanda and Their Experiences of Disclosure.« Journal of Adolescent Research (June 11, 2017).

[Info] Kahn, Sarilee, et al. »“We are children like others”: Pathways to mental health and healing for children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda.« Transcultural Psychiatry (March 7, 2019).

[Info] Kantengwa, Odeth. How Motherhood Triumphs over Traumahood among mothers with children from Genocidal Rape in Rwanda. Maastricht 2014.

[Info] Mukangendo, Marie C. »Caring for Children Born of Rape in Rwanda.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 40-52.

[Info] Nikuze, Donatien. »Parenting style and its psychological impact on rape born children: Case of raped survivors of the 1994 genocide perpetrated against Tutsi in Rwanda.« International Journal of Development and Sustainability 2 (2013): 1084-1098.

[Info] Nshimiyimana, Jean D. Etre enfant d'une survivante et d'un auteur du génocide: Le vécu des adolescents rwandais nés du viol. Thèse, Université de Paries VIII, 2011.

[Info] Torgovnik, Jonathan. Intended Consequences: Rwandan Children Born of Rape. New York 2009.

[Info] Weitsman, Patricia A. »Women, War, and Identity: Policies of Mass Rape in Bosnia and Rwanda.« 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association. San Diego 2006.


[Site] Sierra Leonian History

[Site] Sierra Leonean Civil War

[Info] Allain, Jean, et al. »The Law and Children Born of War: Rape, Slavery and Consent across Enemy Lines.« Interdisciplinary perspectives on Children Born of War – from World War II to current conflict settings. Hannover 2015.

[Info] Baldi, Giulia, et al. »Silent Identities: Children Born of War in Sierra LeoneBorn of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 78-93.


[Site] South African History

Cases: Fictional Victims: Lucy Lurie; Representations: Literary Texts: J.M. Coetzee (Disgrace)


[Site] Ugandan History

[Info] Akello, Grace. »Experiences of forced mothers in northern Uganda: the legacy of war.« Intervention 11 (2013): 149-156.

[Info] Apio, Eunice. »Uganda's Forgotten Children of War.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 94-109.

[Info] Denov, Myriam, et al. »Mothering in the Aftermath of Forced Marriage and Wartime Rape: The Complexities of Motherhood in Postwar Northern Uganda.« Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement 9 (2018): 158-176.


[Site] A m e r i c a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Guadeloupean History

[Info] Tindira, Jessica. »Burdens of Secrecy: Children of Rape in Desirada by Maryse Condé.« 51st Annual Convention of the Northeast Modern Language Association. Boston 2020.


[Site] Jamaican History

Cases: Real Victims: Irma Duncan


[Site] U.S. History

Cases: Fictional Victims: Claireece Precious Jones, Belinda McDonald; Representations: Films: Johnny Belinda, Precious; Literary Texts: Elmer Harris (Belinda Johnny), Sapphire (Push)

[Info] Greenwood, Lynn M. »Dugard, Jaycee, Kidnapping of (1991).« Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History. Vol. 1. Edited by Steven Chermak et al. Santa Barbara 2016: 233-236.


[Site] A si a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Bangladeshi History

[Info] Mookherjee, Nayanika. »‘Forced Pregnancy’, Access to Reproductive Rights and its Bio-Political Modalities.« University of York. Heslington 2014.

[Site] Japanese History

[Site] Seond World War

[Info] Yamamoto, Meyu. »Child of the Other: Wartime Sexual Violence and the Japanese Repatriation Support Policies after the Second World War.« XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology. Yokohama 2014.


[Site] Timorese History

[Info] Rimmer, Susan H. »Orphans or Veterans? Justice for Children Born of War in East TimorBorn of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 53-77.

[Info] Rimmer, Susan H. »"Orphans" or Veterans?: Justice for Children Born of War in East Timor.« Texas International Law Journal 42 (2007): 323-344.


[Site] E u r o p e a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Bosnian History

[Site] Bosnian War

[Info] Albayrak, Burcu. »Hegemonic Masculinity.« Sava? ve Siyasal ?iddette Haf?za ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Genç Ara?t?rmac?lar Konferans?. Istanbul 2014.

[Info] Banwell, Stacy. »Children of the Enemy: Exploring the Unresolved Trauma of Genocidal Rape.« 20th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology. Virtual 2020.

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli. Forgetting Children Born of War: Setting the Human Rights Agenda in Bosnia and Beyond. New York 2010.

[Info] Czeszejko-Sochacka, Katarzyna. »Amendment to the act on civilian victims of war and the legal situation of children of war rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina.« Polityka i Społeczeństwo 21 (2023): 92-105.

[Info] Daniel-Wrabetz, Joana. »Children Born of War Rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 21-39.

[Info] Delic, Amra. »War Rape Context, Stigma and Silence related to War Rape Victims and Children Born of War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Experiences and Reflections 1992-2015.« Interdisciplinary perspectives on Children Born of War – from World War II to current conflict settings. Hannover 2015.

[Info] Erjavec, Karmen, et al. »Living With the Sins of Their Fathers: An Analysis of Self-Representation of Adolescents Born of War Rape.« Journal of Adolescent Research 25 (2010): 359-386.

[Info] Erjavec, Karmen, et al. »‘Target’, ‘cancer’ and ‘warrior’: Exploring painful metaphors of self-presentation used by girls born of war rape.« Discourse & Society 21 (2010): 524-543.

[Info] Koch, Angela. »Sexuelle Gewalt und traumatische Erzählung: Überlegungen zum Film Grbavica – Esmas Geheimnis.« Folterbilder und -narrationen: Verhältnisse zwischen Fiktion und Wirklichkeit. Edited by Julia Bee et al.. Göttingen 2013: 127-144.

[Info] Lee, Sabine, et al. »Kinder des Krieges im 20. Jahrhundert.« Besatzungskinder: Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Edited by Barbara Stelzl-Marx et al. Vienna 2015: 15-38.

[Info] Nyirasafari, Ange. Défis d'intégration sociale post-conflit des enfants nés des viols en temps de guerre: Le cas de la Bosnie-Herzegovine (BiH). Mémoire, Université d'Ottawa, 2015.

[Info] Schwartz, Agatha. »Not Supposed to Be Born? Narrative Constructions of Identity in Children Born of Rape in Post-WWII Germany and Post-Conflict Bosnia.« 26th International Conference of Europeanists. Madrid 2019.

[Info] Sethna, Christabelle. »Woman as Vessel: Sexual Violence, Abortion and Unwanted Pregnancy in the Feminist Second Wave Context.« 26th International Conference of Europeanists. Madrid 2019.

[Info] Strupinskiene, Lina. »Living in the Shadows of Past Atrocities: War Babies of Bosnia.« Wagadu 10 (2012): 55-71.

[Info] Takševa, Tatjana. »Deconstructing Ethnic Boundaries: Bosnian Children Born of War and Identity Beyond Ethnicity.« 21st Century Reflections on Sexual Violence in Wars, its Transgenerational and Transnational Impact. Ottawa 2018.

[Info] Weitsman, Patricia A. »Women, War, and Identity: Policies of Mass Rape in Bosnia and Rwanda.« 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association. San Diego 2006.


[Site] Irish History

[Info] Earner-Byrne, Lindsey. »The Rape of Mary M.: A Microhistory of Sexual Violence and Moral Redemption in 1920s Ireland.« Journal of the History of Sexuality 24 (2015): 75-98.


[Site] Italian History

Representations: Literary Texts: Elsa Morante (La Storia)